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Basic Techniques
(All of which can be implemented using PLC's)

Light Emitted

Light Absorbed

	Electrically stimulated
	Optically stimulated
	Chemically stimulated
	Use active layer (fluorophores)
	Spectrally resolve the light

	Directly (with spectral resolution)
	In evanescent field
	Reflected Light

Description

Changes in either or both the real and imaginary index of refraction

Direct contact with substance in optical path

Coupled via evanescent field with or without active layer

Coupled viaplasmonresonance and (usually) active layer